Primary Data:
The primary data are the hand information collected, compiled and published by organization for some purpose. They are most original data in character and have not undergoing any sort of statistical treatment.
Example: Population census reports are primary data because these collected, compiled and published by the population census organization.
Secondary Data:
The secondary data are the second hand information which are already collected by someone (organization) for some purpose and are available fr the present study. The secondary data are not pure in character and have undergone some treatment at least once.
Example: Economies survey of England is secondary data because these are collected by more than one organization like Bureau of statistics, Board of Revenue, the Banks etc...
Statistical Data:
A sequence of observation, made on a set of objects included in the sample drawn from population is known as statistical data.
(1) Ungrouped Data:
Data which have been arranged in a systematic order are called raw data or ungrouped data.
(2) Grouped Data:
Data presented in the form of frequency distribution is called grouped data.
Tuesday, October 29, 2013
Kinds of Variables
QUALITATIVE VARIABLES are those which are described as attributes and not describes numerically such as gender, religion, employment status or profession. A characteristic which varies only in quality from one individual to another is called qualitative variable. It cannot be measures.
Qualitative Variables:
Dichotomous - is described or presented in only two categories such as gender being described as male or female.
Multinomial - is described or presented in more than two categories such as religion being Catholic, Protestant, Muslim or Buddhist.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES are those which are described numerically. A characteristic which only varies only in magnitude from one individual to another. It can be measured.
Quantitative Variables:
Discrete - those that have a basic unit of measurement which cannot be subdivided. A type of data is discrete if there are only a finite number of values possible or if there is a space on the number line between each 2 possible values. For example, the number of cars manufactured per month, etc.
Continuous - those measurements which can be subdivided infinitely. Continuous data or variable makes up the rest of numerical data. This is a type of data that is usually associated with some sort of physical measurement. For example, the number of hectares planted with rice or the purchasing power index for the year, etc.
OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES
Dependent Variable - is a variable that is affected or influenced by another variable.
Independent Variable - is a variable that affects or influences the dependent variable.
Qualitative Variables:
Dichotomous - is described or presented in only two categories such as gender being described as male or female.
Multinomial - is described or presented in more than two categories such as religion being Catholic, Protestant, Muslim or Buddhist.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES are those which are described numerically. A characteristic which only varies only in magnitude from one individual to another. It can be measured.
Quantitative Variables:
Discrete - those that have a basic unit of measurement which cannot be subdivided. A type of data is discrete if there are only a finite number of values possible or if there is a space on the number line between each 2 possible values. For example, the number of cars manufactured per month, etc.
Continuous - those measurements which can be subdivided infinitely. Continuous data or variable makes up the rest of numerical data. This is a type of data that is usually associated with some sort of physical measurement. For example, the number of hectares planted with rice or the purchasing power index for the year, etc.
OTHER TYPES OF VARIABLES
Dependent Variable - is a variable that is affected or influenced by another variable.
Independent Variable - is a variable that affects or influences the dependent variable.
Basic Terms in Statistics
A population is a collection or totality of data set with some common characteristics and properties such as people, objects, events, places and any other subject of interest.
A sample is a portion, section, subset of part of the population of interest. ( Note that in statistical process sample interest must posses a high degree of representativeness )
A parameter is a numerical value in quality, usually unknown (and which therefore has to be estimated), used to represent a certain population characteristics. For example, the population mean is a parameter that is often used to indicate the average value of a quantity.
A statistic is a numerical value or quantity that is calculated from a sample of data. It is used to give information about unknown values in the corresponding population. For example, the average of the data in a sample is used to give information about the overall average in the population from which that sample was drawn.
Constant is a quantity which can be assuming only one value. It is usually denotes by the first letters of alphabets a, b, c.
Variable is a quantity which can vary from one individual or object to and other. It is usually denoted by the last letters of the alphabet x, y, z.
A sample is a portion, section, subset of part of the population of interest. ( Note that in statistical process sample interest must posses a high degree of representativeness )
A parameter is a numerical value in quality, usually unknown (and which therefore has to be estimated), used to represent a certain population characteristics. For example, the population mean is a parameter that is often used to indicate the average value of a quantity.
A statistic is a numerical value or quantity that is calculated from a sample of data. It is used to give information about unknown values in the corresponding population. For example, the average of the data in a sample is used to give information about the overall average in the population from which that sample was drawn.
Constant is a quantity which can be assuming only one value. It is usually denotes by the first letters of alphabets a, b, c.
Variable is a quantity which can vary from one individual or object to and other. It is usually denoted by the last letters of the alphabet x, y, z.
Brief History of Statistics
The words STATISTICS was derived from the Latin word "status" or the Italian word "statista" which means "Political State".
In the past, the statistics was used by rulers. The application of statistics was very limited but rulers and kings needed information about lands, agriculture, commerce, population of their states to assess their military potential, their wealth, taxation, and other aspects of government.
Gottfried Achenwall used the word statistik at a German University in 1749 which means that political science of different countries. In 1771, W. Hooper (Englishman) used the word statistics in his translation of Elements of Universal Erudition written by Baron B.F. Bieford; in his book statistics has been defined as the science that teaches us what is the political arrangement of all the modern statistics, but old statistics also used as a part of the present statistics.
During the 18th century the English writer have used the word statistics in their works, so statistics has developed gradually during last few centuries. A lot of work has been done int he end of the nineteenth century.
At the beginning of the 20th century, William S. Gosset has developed the methods for decision making based on small set of data. During the 20th century several statistics are active in developing new methods, theories and application of statistics. Now these days the availability of electronics computers is certainly a major factor in the modern development of statistics.
In the past, the statistics was used by rulers. The application of statistics was very limited but rulers and kings needed information about lands, agriculture, commerce, population of their states to assess their military potential, their wealth, taxation, and other aspects of government.
Gottfried Achenwall used the word statistik at a German University in 1749 which means that political science of different countries. In 1771, W. Hooper (Englishman) used the word statistics in his translation of Elements of Universal Erudition written by Baron B.F. Bieford; in his book statistics has been defined as the science that teaches us what is the political arrangement of all the modern statistics, but old statistics also used as a part of the present statistics.
During the 18th century the English writer have used the word statistics in their works, so statistics has developed gradually during last few centuries. A lot of work has been done int he end of the nineteenth century.
At the beginning of the 20th century, William S. Gosset has developed the methods for decision making based on small set of data. During the 20th century several statistics are active in developing new methods, theories and application of statistics. Now these days the availability of electronics computers is certainly a major factor in the modern development of statistics.
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